Ralph Schefflan-Teach Yourself the Basics of Aspen Plus -Wiley-AIChE (2011):分享一本不算太新的书。Ralph Schefflan-Teach Yourself the Basics of Aspen Plus -Wiley-AIChE (2011)
PREFACE xiii 1 INTRODUCTION TO ASPEN PLUS 1
1.1 Starting Aspen Plus / 2
1.2 Graphic Users Interface / 3
1.3 Next Button / 4
1.4 Setup Specifications Display / 5
1.5 Simulation Options / 6
1.6 Units / 6
1.7 Components / 8
1.8 Properties / 10
1.9 Streams / 12
1.10 Blocks / 14
1.11 Viewing Results / 14
1.12 Object Manager / 16
1.13 Plotting Results / 17
References / 19
2 PROPERTIES 21
2.1 Pure Component Data Banks / 21
2.2 Property Analysis / 24
2.3 Property Estimation / 25
vii
viii CONTENTS
2.4 Workshops / 34
References / 35
3 THE SIMPLE BLOCKS 37
3.1 Mixer/Splitter Blocks / 37
3.1.1 Mixer Block / 37
3.1.2 Fsplit Block / 38
3.2 Simple Separator Blocks / 39
3.2.1 Sep Block / 40
3.2.2 Sep2 Block / 41
3.3 Some Manipulator Blocks / 42
3.3.1 Dupl Block / 42
3.3.2 Mult Block / 44
3.4 Workshops / 45
4 PROCESSES WITH RECYCLE 49
4.1 Blocks with Recycle / 50
4.2 Heuristics / 53
4.3 Workshops / 54
References / 58
5 FLOWSHEETING AND MODEL ANALYSIS TOOLS 59
5.1 Introduction to Fortran in Aspen Plus / 59
5.2 Basic Interpreted Fortran Capabilities / 60
5.2.1 Primary Fortran Operators / 61
5.2.2 Precedence of Calculations / 61
5.2.3 Statement Format / 62
5.2.4 Program Logic Control / 62
5.3 Sensitivity Function / 63
5.4 Design Specification / 65
5.5 Calculator Function / 67
5.6 Transfer Function / 69
5.7 Workshops / 71
References / 72
6 THE DATA REGRESSION SYSTEM 73
6.1 Parameters of Equations of State / 74
6.2 Parameters of Activity Coefficient Equations / 76
6.3 Basic Ideas of Regression / 77
6.4 Mathematics of Regression / 80
6.4.1 Newton–Raphson Method for Solution of Nonlinear Equations / 80
6.4.2 Direct Optimization of an Objective Function / 81
6.5 Practical Aspects of Regression of VLE or LLE Data / 82
6.5.1 Regression of VLE Data / 82
6.5.2 Regression of LLE Data / 85
6.6 Workshops / 87
References / 90
7 FLASHES AND DECANTER 93
7.1 Flash2 Block / 93
7.2 Flash3 Block / 96
7.3 Decanter Block / 99
7.4 Workshops / 101
References / 103
8 PRESSURE CHANGERS 105
8.1 Pump Block / 105
8.2 Compr Block / 105
8.3 MCompr Block / 107
8.4 Pipelines and Fittings / 107
8.5 Workshops / 109
Reference / 110
9 HEAT EXCHANGERS 111
9.1 Heater Block / 112
9.2 Heatx Block / 115
9.3 Mheatx Block / 118
9.4 Workshops / 118
References / 121
10 REACTORS 123
10.1 RStoic Block / 123
10.2 RYield Block / 125
10.3 REquil Block / 126
10.4 RGibbs Block / 128
10.5 Reactions for the Rigorous Models / 129
10.5.1 Equilibrium Class / 130
10.5.2 Powerlaw Class / 130
10.5.3 Langmuir–Hinshelwood–Hougen–Watson Class / 133
CONTENTS ix
x
CONTENTS
11
10.5.4 Generalized – Langmuir – Hinshelwood – Hougen – Watson Class / 134
10.6 RCSTR Block / 134
10.7 RPlug Block / 135
10.8 RBatch Block / 138
10.9 Workshops / 139
References / 144
MULTISTAGE EQUILIBRIUM SEPARATORS 145
11.1 Basic Equations / 145
11.2 The Design Problem / 148
11.3 A Three-Product Distillation Example / 150
11.4 Preliminary Design and Rating Models / 154
11.4.1 DSTWU / 154
11.4.2 Distl / 156
11.5 Rigorous Models / 157 11.5.1 RadFrac / 158
11.5.2 Extract / 164
11.6 BatchSep / 167
11.7 Workshops / 170
References / 173
PROCESS FLOWSHEET DEVELOPMENT 175
12.1 Heuristics / 175
12.2 Example: The Production of Styrene / 176
12.3 A Model with Basic Blocks / 177
12.4 Properties / 177
12.5 Rigorous Flash and Decanter / 178
12.6 Analyzing the Rigorous Distillation / 181
12.7 Integrating the Rigorous Distillation Into the Flowsheet / 181
12.7.1 Selection of a Tear Stream / 183
12.7.2 Sequence of Calculations / 183
12.8 Reactor Feed / 183
12.9 Miscellaneous Considerations / 185
12.10 Workshops / 185
Reference / 189
12
13 OPTIMIZATION 191
13.1 Optimization Example / 192 13.2 Workshops / 195 References / 198
14 COMPLEX EQUILIBRIUM STAGE SEPARATIONS
14.1 Energy Integration Applications / 199
14.2 Homogeneous Azeotropic Distillation / 202
14.3 Extractive Distillation / 203
14.4 Heterogeneous Operations / 205
14.5 Workshops / 207
References / 211
INDEX
CONTENTS xi 199
213
PREFACE
During my years working as a chemical engineer in development laboratories, pro- cess engineering groups, and plant startup and support operations, the most frequently referenced documents were process flow diagrams (PFDs), which contain the material and energy balances and the basic process design information. Equally important were process and instrument diagrams (P&IDs), which contain details of all equipment, all controls, all instruments, and all lines (i.e., process, instrument, and utilities). Process simulation software is an excellent tool for producing high-quality PFDs, and when integrated with computer-aided design software, facilitates the production of P&IDs. There are several process simulation software systems available to the chemical engi- neering community, and Aspen Plus is arguably the most popular.
Teach Yourself the Basics of Aspen PlusTM evolved from two graduate courses that I taught at Stevens Institute of Technology over the past 20-odd years. The first course, ChE662, is an introduction to steady-state chemical process simulation, which is usually taken by graduate students and is organized around a series of workshops that intro- duce Aspen Plus functionality. Occasionally, undergraduates are enrolled and typically experience difficulties in the thermodynamics of phase equilibrium and parameter esti- mation, due to limitations in their undergraduate courses. The second course, ChE612, deals with the analysis and design of complex equilibrium stage processes and with difficult multicolumn problems such as, extractive distillation systems. Over time, the course evolved from the use of stand-alone two- and three-phase flashes, decantation, and two-phase distillation software, to their equivalent blocks in Flowtran and later, Aspen Plus.
The idea for this book originated from my observations of students in these courses. I noted that after an initial period dedicated to learning the basics of how to navigate, locate material, and enter data into Aspen Plus, students could proceed through the exercises, within the workshops, mostly on their own. I would give an introductory lecture for each subject studied, show examples, and provide individual help on the workshops when needed. It was a rare student who did not finish all of the workshops during the course. The book is organized in the same manner,
If you expect to teach yourself Aspen Plus by reading this book, you will be disap- pointed. Aspen Plus is a complex process simulator, and in my opinion, the best way to learn is with hands-on experience, by attempting each exercise within each workshop, and when difficulties are encountered, referring to the problem setup and solutions on the accompanying CD as well as the notes in the workshop section at the end of each chapter.
The accompanying CD contains the input and solutions to all the examples and workshops. There is a root folder for each chapter, within which there are subfolders named Examples and Workshops. Each example and workshop exercise is provided in .bkp, Aspen Plus format and .txt format. The .bkp files are set up as input files to view details, and may be executed. The .txt files are solutions and may be viewed with Notepad by a reader who does not have access to Aspen Plus. References to material on the CD within each chapter of the book are by subfolder/filename: for example, Chapter Four Examples/Rubin. Some of the workshops were developed using earlier versions of Aspen Plus, and when attempting to use them from the CD, a message to that effect may appear; however, all have been executed successfully with version 7.0, which currently resides on the server at Stevens Institute of Technology. I recommend that while reading the text, Aspen Plus be used simultaneously to execute and review each example. If Aspen Plus is not available, the .txt solutions may be reviewed.
The book is designed to be used by undergraduates, graduate students, and practic- ing chemical engineers. The first section of the book explains the basic structure of the software and leads the student through a hands-on introduction to the various features of the software designed to facilitate the setup of simple problems. Features such as the material-balance-only option, access to Aspen Plus documentation through Help, the Next button, menu navigation, and the report function are introduced. The remain- der of the book is organized in a series of sections that focus on particular types of operations: for example, a two-phase flash. Each chapter is accompanied by the equiv- alent of lecture material that describes the equations being solved, various limitations, potential sources of error, and a set of workshops containing exercises that the students should solve to gain experience with the particular subject. Some of the exercises are designed to produce errors that students need to analyze in order to complete their experience. Much of this part of the book is suitable for undergraduates, although some will be limited by courses in their curriculum that have not yet been taken (e.g., exposure to the thermodynamics of phase equilibrium). Undergraduates should limit their exposure to Chapters Six and Fourteen. Chapter Six deals with phase equilibrium and provides exposure to the most popular thermodynamic equations as well as mate- rial on parameter fitting. Chapter Fourteen addresses advanced problems in distillation. Graduate students and practicing engineers who undertake these sections should have had exposure to undergraduate equilibrium stage operations and, preferably, a graduate course in thermodynamics.
This book is not intended to be a self-study guide for all the features of Aspen Plus. For example, material on some reactor blocks, batch blocks, and the thermodynamics of electrolytes is not covered. Many subjects not addressed can be found by selecting the Help button on the main Aspen Plus display. The philosophy of the book is based on the idea that once a chemical engineer becomes thoroughly facile in the use of the software and has a good understanding of the basic blocks, he or she should be able to learn to use many of the unaddressed functions by applying the same philosophy as that of the text itself: namely, to study appropriate sections in chemical engineering textbooks that describe the subject matter and to familiarize oneself with the function’s implementation by reading Aspen Plus’s documentation and attempting a sample prob- lem. As an example, to understand the Aspen Plus electrolyte methodology, it would be useful to read the section on electrolyte equilibrium in Molecular Thermodynamics of Fluid-Phase Equilibria, 3rd ed., by J. M. Prausnitz, R. N. Lichtenthaler, and G. M. de Azevedo (Prentice Hall, 1999) and in Aspen Plus’s Help, and follow up with the section entitled “Generating Electrolyte Components.”
I have made an effort to provide the describing equations of most of the models (blocks) referred to here, and if not possible because of the proprietary nature of the software, I have described the functionality. One should recognize that Aspen Plus is proprietary software and that the source code and implementation details are not available. Additionally, there are frequently several ways to solve the equations that describe the blocks, and there is no way to ascertain these details since Aspen Technology does not provide them.
I wish to acknowledge the help provided by Aspen Technology’s academic support group, especially for the loan of an Aspen Engineering stand-alone license for use while I was out of the United States and unable to access the Stevens Institute of Technology server.
Ralph Schefflan
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