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结构专业词汇(舒服版).doc
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a. LOAD 荷载
b. GROUND BASE AND FOUNDATION 地基及基础
c. REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE STRUCTURE 钢筋混凝土结构
d. STEEL STRUCTURE 钢结构
e. DESIGN FOR ANTISEISMIC 抗震设计
f. GENERAL WORDS FOR DESIGN 设计常用词汇
g. GENERAL WORDS FOR CONSTRUCTION 施工常用词汇
a. Load 荷载
拔力 pulling force 标准值 standard value 残余应力 residual stress 冲击荷载 impact load, punch load 残余变形 residual deformation 承压 bearing 承载能力 bearing capacity 承重 bearing, load bearing 承重结构 bearing structure 脆性材料 brittle material 脆性破坏 brittle failure 抵抗力 resisting power, resistance 吊车荷载 crane load 分布荷载 distributed load 风荷载 wind load 风速 wind velocity, wind speed 风压 wind pressure 风振 wind vibration 浮力 buoyance, floatage 符号 symbol, mark 负弯矩 negative moment, hogging moment 附加荷载 additional load 附加应力 additional stress 副作用 side effect, by-effect 刚度 rigidity 刚度比 ratio of rigidity 刚度系数 rigidity factor 刚接 rigid connection 刚性节点 rigid joint 恒载 dead load 荷载传递 transmission of load 固端弯矩 fixed-end moment 活荷载 live load 积灰荷载 dust load 集中荷载 concentrated load 加载, 加荷 loading 剪力 shear, shearing force 剪切破坏 shear failure 剪应变 shear strain 剪应力 shear stress 简支 simple support 静定结构 statically determinate structure 截面模量 modulus of section, section modulus 静力 static force 静力分析 static analysis 局部压力 local pressure, partial pressure 局部压屈 local bulkling 绝对值 absolute value 均布荷载 uniformly distributed load 抗拔力 pulling resistance 抗剪刚度 shear rigidity 抗剪强度 shear strength, shearing strength 抗拉强度 tensile strength 抗扭 torsion resistance 抗扭刚度 torsional rigidity 抗弯 bending resistance 抗弯刚度 bending rigidity 抗压强度 compressive strength, compression strength 可靠性 reliability 可靠性设计 reliability design 拉力 tensile force 拉应力 tensile stress, tension stress 拉应变 tensile strain, tension strain 临界点 critical point 临界荷载 critical load 临界应力 critical stress 密度 density 离心力 centrifugal force 摩擦力 friction force 摩擦系数 frictional factor 挠度 deflection 内力 internal force, inner force 扭矩 moment of torsion, torsional moment 疲劳强度 fatigue strength 偏心荷载 eccentric load, non-central load 偏心距 eccentric distance, eccentricity 偏心受拉 eccentric tension 偏心受压 eccentric compression 屈服强度 yield strength 使用荷载 working load 水平力 horizontal force 水平推力 horizontal thrust 弹塑性变形 elastoplastic deformation 弹性 elasticity, resilience, spring 塑限 plastic limit 弹性变形 elastic deformation 塑性变形 plastic deformation 弹性模量 modulus of elastic, elastic modulus 体积 volume, bulk, cubature, cubage 土压力 earth pressure, soil pressure 弯矩 bending moment, moment 弯曲半径 radius at bent, radius of curve 位移 displacement 温度应力 temperature stress 温度作用 temperature action 系数 coefficient, factor 雪荷载 snow load 压应变 compression strain 压应力 compression stress 应力集中 concentration of stress 预应力 prestressing force, prestress 振动荷载 vibrating load, racking load 支座反力 support reaction 自重 own weight 作用 action, effect 作用点 point of application, application joint
b. Ground Base and Foundation 地基及基础
板桩 sheet pile, sheeting pile 板桩基础 sheet pile foundation 饱和粘土 saturation clay 冰冻线 frost line, freezing level 不均匀沉降 unequal settlement, differential settlement 残积土 residual soil 沉积物 deposit, sediment 沉降 settlement 沉降差 difference in settlement 沉降缝 settlement joint 沉井 sinking well, sunk well 沉箱 caisson 持力层 bearing stratum 冲积 alluviation 锤夯 hammer tamping 档土墙 retaining wall, breast wall 底板 base slab, base plate, bed plate 地板 floor board 地基 ground base, ground 地基承载力 ground bearing capacity 地基处理 ground treatment, soil treatment 地基稳定 base stabilization 地梁 ground beam, ground sill 地漏 floor drain 地下工程 substructure work, understructure work 地下室 basement, cellar 地下水 ground water 地下水位 groundwater level, water table 地下水压力 ground water pressure 地质报告 geologic report 垫层 bedding, blinding 独立基础 isolated foundation, individual foundation 端承桩 end-bearing pile 筏式基础 raft foundation 粉砂 silt, rock flour 粉质粘土 silty clay 粉质土 silty soil 扶壁式档土墙 buttressed retaining wall 腐蚀 corrosion 覆土 earth covering 刚性基础 rigid foundation 沟盖板 trench cover 固结 consolidation 灌注桩 cast-in-place pile, cast in site pile 护坡 slope protection, revetment 护桩 guard pile 环墙 ring wall 灰土 lime earth 回填 backfill, backfilling 回填土 backfill, backfill soil 混凝土找平层 concrete screed 火山灰水泥 trass cement 基槽 foundation trench 基础 foundation, base 基础底板 foundation slab 基础埋深 embedded depth of foundation 基础平面图 foundation plan 地基勘探 site exploration, site investigation 基坑 foundation pit 集水坑 collecting sump 阶形基础 stepped foundation 结合层 binding course, bonding course 井点 well point 井点排水 well point unwatering 开挖 excavation, cutting 勘测 exploration and survey 勘测资料 exploration data 沥青 bitumen, asphalt, pitch 联合基础 combined foundation 卵石 cobble, pebble 埋置 embedment 毛石基础 rubble foundation 锚筋 anchor bar 锚桩 anchor pile 密实度 compactness, density, denseness 摩擦桩 friction pile, floating pile 粘土 clay 粘质粉土 clay silt 碾压 roller compaction, rolling 排水 drainage, dewatering 排水沟 drainage ditch 排水孔 weep hole, drain hole 排水设备 dewatering equipment 普通硅酸盐水泥 ordinary Portland cement 群桩 grouped piles 容许沉降 permissible settlement 容许承载力 allowable bearing 软土 soft soil 砂垫层 sand bedding course, sand cushion 砂土 sandy soil, sands 砂质粉土 sandy silt 设备基础 equipment foundation 水泥搅拌桩 cement injection 素土夯实 rammed earth, packed soil 碎石桩 stone columns 弹性地基 elastic foundation 弹性地基梁 beam on elastic foundation 填方 fill, filling 填土 earth-fill, earth filling, filling 条形基础 strip foundation 土方工程 earthwork 挖方 excavation work, excavation 箱形基础 box foundation 压实 compaction, compacting 压实系数 compacting factor 验槽 check of foundation subsoil 预制混凝土桩 precast concrete pile 中砂 medium sand 重力式档土墙 gravity retaining wall 桩承台 pile cap 钻孔桩 bored pile 钻探 exploration drilling, drilling, 最终沉降 final settlement
c.Reinforcement Concrete Structure 钢筋混凝土结构
板缝 slab joint 板厚 thickness of slab 板式楼梯 cranked slab stairs 板跨度 span of slab 薄壁结构 thin-walled structure 薄腹梁 thin wedded girder 保护层 protective coating 臂式吊车 boom crane, boom hoist 边梁 edge beam, boundary beam 变截面 variable cross-section 变形缝 movement joint 变形钢筋 deformed bar 初凝 initial setting, pre-setting 次梁 secondary beam 大型屋面板 precast ribbed roof slab 单层厂房 one-storied factory 单筋梁 beam with single reinforcement 单跨 single span 单向板 one-way slab 垫块 cushion block 垫梁 template beam 吊车梁 crane beam, crane girder 顶棚抹灰 ceiling plastering 端跨 end span, tail bay 多跨连续梁 multi-span beam 翻边 upstand 反梁 upstand beam 分布钢筋 distribution-bar 封闭式箍筋 closed stirrup 附加钢筋 additional bar 刚架 rigid frame, stiff frame 钢筋 reinforcement, steel bar, bar 钢筋表 Bar Schedules 钢筋笼 steel reinforcement cage 钢筋间距 spacing of bars, bar spacing 钢筋网 bar-mat reinforcement, mesh reinforcement 钢筋砖 reinforced brick 勾缝 joint pointing 构架 frame, gallows 构件 member, structural member 构造 construction 构造钢筋 constructional reinforcement 构造柱 onstructional column, tie column 构筑物 structure 箍筋 hoop reinforcement, hooping 箍筋间距 stirrup spacing 固定端 fixed end, retained end 固端梁 fixed-end beam, fixed beam 过梁 lintel, breast summer 混凝土强度等级 grade of concrete 机制砖 machine-made brick 剪力墙 shear wall 简支梁 simply supported beam 经济跨度 economic span 经济配筋率economic ratio of reinforcement 劲性钢筋 stiff reinforcement 劲性钢筋混凝土结构 steel composite construction 径向钢筋 radial reinforcement 抗剪钢筋 shear reinforcement 抗拉钢筋 tension reinforcement 受压钢筋 compression reinforcement 可见裂缝 visible crack 刻痕钢丝 indented steel wire 坑 pit, hollow, delve 空斗墙 rowlock cavity wall, rolock wall 空心板 hollow slab 空心砖隔墙 hollow tile partition 跨度 span 框架 frame 框架剪力墙结构 frame-shear wall structure 拉接钢筋 tie bar 栏杆 railing, banister 栏杆立柱 railing post 老化 aging 累积误差 accumulated error 肋形楼板 ribbed floor slab 冷拔低碳钢丝 cold-drawn low-carbon wire 冷脆性 cold shortness, cooling brittleness 冷弯 cold bending 冷轧 cold rolling 离析 segregation 梁垫 beam pad, template, pad 梁挠度 beam deflection 楼梯斜梁 string, stringer 螺旋楼梯 spiral stair, winding staircase 马鞍形壳 saddle shell 锚固 anchoring 门框, 门樘 door frame 门式刚架 portal frame 面砖, 墙面砖 facing tile, wall tile 耐火混凝土 fire-resisting concrete 排架 bent, bent frame 女儿墙 parapet wall, parapet 配筋率 reinforcement ratio 配箍率 stirrup ratio 砌块 block 圈梁 ring beam, tie beam, bond beam 山墙 gable 深梁 deep beam 伸缩缝 expansion joint 实腹梁 solid web girder 实腹柱 solid web column 竖向钢筋 vertical reinforcement 双向配筋 two-way reinforcement 素混凝土 plain concrete 筒中筒结构 tube-in-tube structure 网状钢筋 steel mesh reinforcement 围堰 cofferdam, coffer 无梁楼盖 flat slab, flat plate 系梁 tie beam 预应力钢筋混凝土 prestressed reinforced concrete 预应力构件 prestressed component 预制 prefabrication 预制板 precast slab 预制构件 prefabrication component 预制装配式结构 prefabricated construction 折板 folded plate, folded slab 折板结构 folded-plate structure 主筋 main reinforcement, main bar 主梁 main beam, girder 柱距 column spacing, post spacing 装配式结构 fabricated structure 纵梁 longitudinal beam 纵剖面 longitudinal section 纵向钢筋 longitudinal bar
d. Steel Structure 钢结构
薄壁型钢 light-gauge steel section, hollow steel section 不等肢角钢 unequal angle steel 槽钢 channel, channel steel 背对背角钢组合 angles back to back 不锈钢 stainless steel 除锈 rust-removal 粗制螺栓 rough bolt, black bolt 带钢 strip steel, band iron 单面焊 single weld, one-side welding 地脚螺栓 foundation bolt, anchor bolt,holding down bolt 点焊 spot welding, point welding 电动葫芦 electric hoist 等边角钢 equal angle, equal leg angle 对接焊, 对焊 butt welding 腹板 web plate, web 腹杆 web member 腹板加劲件 web stiffener 杆 rod, bar 钢板 steel plate 钢管 steel tube, steel pipe 钢桁架 steel truss 钢框架 steel frame 钢梯, 爬梯 steel ladder 高强度螺栓 high strength bolt 格构柱 lattice column 工字梁 I-girder, I-beam 工字钢 I-steel 工字形截面 I-shaped cross-section 焊缝 welding seam 焊接 welding 焊接长度 weld length 焊条 welding rod 桁架 truss 红丹底漆 red lead primer 红丹漆 red lead paint 加劲肋 stiffening rib, rib stiffener 加劲板 stiffening plate 角钢 angle steel 节点 joint, node 节点板 gusset plate, gusset 节点位移 joint displacement 节间长度 panel length 紧固螺栓 clamp bolt, fastening bolt 精制螺栓 turned bolt 可焊性 weldability 空腹桁架 open-web truss 空间桁架 space truss 肋板 ribbed panel, ribbed slab 连接板 connecting plate, joint plate 檩条 purline 螺母 screw nut, nut 螺栓 bolt 螺栓孔 bolt hole 螺纹 screw thread, thread 螺纹长度 length of thread 螺纹钢 screw-threaded steel, twisted steel 拉杆 tie rod, tension rod 满焊 full weld 铆钉 rivet 锰钢 manganese steel 喷砂 sand blasting 轻钢结构 lightweight steel construction 三角架 tripod 上弦 top chord, upper chord 上弦横向水平支撑 upper lateral bracing 上弦纵向水平支撑 upper longitudinal bracing 平面桁架 plane truss 实腹刚架 solid web rigid frame 塔架 pylon bent 特种钢 special steel 调和漆 mixed paint 贴角焊 fillet weld, fillet welding 托架 bracket 网架结构 grid structure 屋架 roof truss, principal 无缝钢管 seamless steel pipe 系杆 tie rod, tie bar, tie 下弦 bottom chord, lower chord 下弦横向水平支撑 bottom lateral bracing 斜撑 diagonal brace, diagonal bracing 型钢 section steel, shaped steel 悬索 suspended cable, suspension cable 压力焊 pressure welding 仰焊 overhead welding, inverted welding 翼缘 flange 翼缘板 flange plate, cover plate 轧制型钢 rolled steel section 支撑 bracing, strutting 铸铁管 cast iron pipe 组合槽钢 built-up channel 组合截面built-up section,compound section 自动焊接 automatic welding
e. Design for Antiseismic 抗震设计
鞭梢效应 whipping effect 场地类别 site classification 场地土 site soil 单自由度体系 single-degree of freedom system 底部剪力法 equivalent base shear method 地震 earthquake, seism 地震烈度 earthquake intensity, seismic intensity 地震烈度区划图 map of seismic intensity zoning 地震影响系数 seismic influence coefficient 地震作用 earthquake action 多自由度体系 multi-degree of freedom system 反应谱 response spectrum 抗震 earthquake resistance 抗震缝 seismic joint, aseismic joint 抗震构造 aseismic construction 抗震设防 earthquake fortification 抗震设计 seismic design 共振 resonance 基本周期 foundamental period 里氏震级 Richter magnitude 烈度 intensity 设计近震 design near earthquake 设计远震 design far earthquake 时程分析法 time history method 液化 liquefaction 振型 vibration mode 振型分解法 modal analysis method 震源 earthquake focus 震中 earthquake epicenter 自由度 degree of freedom 自振周期 natural period of vibration
f. General Words for Design 设计常用词汇
安装 installation, erection 报价 offer, quoted price 报价单 quotation 壁柱 pilaster, mural column 变更 alteration, variation, modification 变形 deformation 标高 elevation, level 标准 standard, criterion 标准大样 standard detail 标准图 standard drawing 补充规定 additional regulations 补充说明 additional remarks 补充条件 supplementary conditions 不对称 asymmetry 布置 arrangement, layout 布置图 layout plan, layout 材料 material 材料表 bill of materials 材料强度 strength of materials 参见详图 referring to detail drawing 参考点 reference point 参数 parameter 操作平台 operating platform 草图 sketch, draft, rough drawing 侧向刚度 lateral rigidity 侧向稳定 lateral stability 侧向约束 lateral restraint 侧向支撑 lateral bracing, side bracing 拆除 demolition, removal 长细比 slenderness ratio 厂房 factory building, mill building 超静定 statical indetermination 承包 contract 承包商 contractor 等效截面 equivalent section 底标高 bottom elevation 电梯 lift, elevator, electric lift 电梯井 elevator hoistway, lift well, lift shaft 电梯机房 elevator machine room 方案 scheme, plan, programme 方案设计 schematic plan 方案图 schematic drawing 防爆 explosion protection,explosion-proofing 防潮层 damp-proof course 防冻 freezing prevention, frost protection 防冻剂 antifreeze compound 防腐 preservation 防腐剂 preservative, preservative agent 防滑 slip-resistance 防滑处理 deslicking treatment 防滑条 non-slip insert 防火 fire prevention, fire proofing 防火材料 fireproof material 防火分区 fire compartment 防水 waterproofing 防水材料 waterproof material 防水砂浆 waterproof mortar 防酸 acid proofing 方形 square 防锈 rust prevention 防锈剂 anti-rust agent 防振 vibration protection 分配系数 distribution coefficient 风化 weathering, efflorescence 风向 wind direction 附图 attached drawing 附注 note, annotation 高层建筑 high-rise building 高差 difference in elevation 高跨比 ratio of rise to span 高宽比 depth-width ratio 高耸结构 high-rise structure 隔断 partition, divider 工程 project, engineering 工程量 quantities 工程量表 bill of quantities 工业厂房 industrial factory building 工业建筑 industrial architecture 公称直径 nominal diameter 公式 formula 公司 company, corporation 拱 arch 共振 resonance, sympathetic vibration 管架 pipe rack 规范 regulation, code 规格 specifications, standards 规模 scale, scope 国家规范 national regulation 国家标准 national standards 合同 contract 横向变形 transverse deformation 横向刚度 lateral rigidity 化工厂 chemical plant 货梯 freight elevator, goods lift 极限承载能力 ultimate bearing capacity 纪要 summary 计算书 calculation sheet 技术资料 technical data 剪刀撑, 交叉撑 X-brace, cross brace 简图 sketch, diagram 简支梁 simple beam 交叉 intersection, crossing 交点 intersection point 铰接 hinged connection, hinge joint, pin connection 结构变形 structural deformation 结构图 structural drawing 结构形式 structural style 结构稳定性 structural stability 结论 conclusion, verdict 截面 section 界限 limits, bounds, demarcation line 紧急出口 emergency exit 精确度 accuracy, precision, excatitude, 局部破坏 local failure, partial failure 矩形 rectangular 抗冻 frost resisting 抗风柱 wind resistance column 立面 elevation, facade 粒径 particle diameter 连续梁 continuous beam 两铰拱 two-hinged arch 裂缝 rift, crack, crevice 楼梯 stair 楼梯间 staircase 楼梯扶手 stair rail 楼梯净空 stair headroom 楼梯平台, 休息平台 landing, pace, stairlanding 楼梯坡度 pitch of stair, slope of stair 楼梯踏步 stair step 铝合金 aluminum alloy 铝合金窗 aluminum alloy window 民用建筑 civil architecture 摩擦 friction 耐火等级 fire resistance rating 耐久性 durability, endurance 爬梯 cat ladder 疲劳破坏 fatigue failure 频率 frequency 平面布置 plan layout 平台 terrace, platform, deck 平台栏杆 platform railing 剖面 section 剖面图 sectional drawing 侵蚀 corrosion, erosion 倾覆 overturning, toppling 人孔 manhole 容许误差 allowable error, permissible error 容许值 permissible value, allowable value 晒图 blueprinting 上部结构 superstructure 设计要求 design requirements 设计资料 design data 伸缩缝 expansion joint 室外楼梯 exterior stair, outside stairway 双向板 two-way slab 水平撑 horizontal brace 踏步 step 踏步板 tread 弹簧 spring 填充材料 filling material 填充墙 filler wall 挑板 cantilever slab 挑檐 projecting eaves, overhang eaves 停车场 car park, parking lot 通用构件 standard member 通用图 standard drawing 通用详图 standard detail 统一标准 unified standards 统一构件 unified structure element 投标 bid, tender 招标 bidding 图集 collective drawings,collection of drawings 图签 title block 温差 temperature difference 稳定性 stability, steadiness 污水处理 sewage disposal, sewage treatment 先张法预应力 pretensioned prestressing 现行标准 currently effective standards 详图, 大样 detail drawing, detail 橡胶止水带 rubber waterstop 消防 firefighting, fire protection 斜率 slope 卸荷 unloading 卸货平台 discharging platform, unloading platform 悬臂 cantilever 悬臂板 cantilever slab 悬臂梁 cantilever beam, overhanging beam 悬挂 hanging suspension 压缩机 compressor 压缩模量 modulus of compression 延性 ductility, ductileness 业主 client, owner 一览表 table, schedule, list 有效截面 effective section 预应力损失 loss of prestress,prestressing loss 圆形 circular shape, round 圆柱 circular column, round column 约束 confinement, restraint, constraint 约束条件 constrain condition 展开图 developed drawing 栈桥 landing stage, loading bridge 罩棚 awning 折减系数 reduction factor 折算高度 reduced height 支座 support, pedestal 直爬梯 vertical ladder 止水带 water stop 中和轴 neutral axis 重心 center of gravity 周期 period, cycle 转弯半径 turning radius 转动惯量 rotational inertia 装卸平台 loading and unloading platform
g. General Words for Construction
施工常用词汇
拌和料 mixture 标准级配 standard grading 补强 strengthening, stiffening 测量 survey, measurement 拆模 form removal 尺寸 dimension, size 抄平 leveling 处理 treatment 搭接 lap joint, lapping, overlap joint 搭接长度 splicing length 打底 bedding, priming 打夯, 夯实 ramming, tamping 打桩 pile driving, piling, driving 粗砂 coarse sand 捣实 rodding, tamping 地质勘测 geological exploration,geological survey 吊装 hoisting 定位 locating, positioning 堆料区 stacking area 洞口 opening 放大 enlargement, amplification 放线 setting out 放样 lofting, setting out 分层夯实 compaction in layers 分层回填 back-filling in layers 蜂窝麻面 voids and pits 改建 reconstruction, alteration 改造 transformation, remodeling 钢模 steel mould 钢套管 steel thimble, steel sleeve 工厂预制构件 factory-made component 骨料, 集料 aggregate 骨料级配 gradation of aggregate 骨料粒径 aggregate size 贯入度 penetration 灌浆 grouting, grout jection 和易性 workability 后张法 post-tensioning method 含水量 water content, moisture content 混凝土剥落 scaling of concrete 混凝土外加剂 concrete additive, concrete agent 混凝土浇筑 pouring of concrete 级配 gradation, grading 加固 reinforcement, strengthening 加腋 haunching 间距 spacing, pit 建设 building, construction 建筑安装工程 construction and installation work 建筑材料 building materials 建筑结构 building structure 建筑设计院 architecture design institute 建筑施工 building construction 检修人孔 inspection manhole 浇筑 pouring, placing, depositing 脚手架 scaffold, scaffolding 结构标高 structural elevation 进度估计 progress estimate 净高 clear height 净距 clear distance 净空 clearance 绝对标高 absolute elevation, absolute level 竣工 completion 竣工图 “As Built” drawing 开工 commencement of work 扩建 extension, enlargement 离析 segregation 临时设施 construction site facilities 临时道路 temporary road 麻面 hungry spots 埋入长度 embedment length 面层 coat, coating 抹灰 plastering, rendering 抹灰面层 finish plaster 模板 form, shutter board 模板工程 formwork 喷涂 spray coating, spraying 膨胀螺栓 expansion bolt, expansion anchor 平整 leveling 平整场地 leveling of ground 坡道, 斜坡道 ramp, slope ramp, slopeway 起吊 hoisting 砂浆 mortar 升板 lift slab 升板法施工 lift slab construction 施工 construction 施工单位 construction organization 施工缝 construction joint, working joint 施工图 construction drawing 时效 aging 试样 sample, test sample 收缩 shrinkage, contraction 水灰比 water-cement ratio 水泥 cement 水泥抹面 cement plaster 水泥砂浆 cement mortar 水泥砂浆找平 cement mortar screeding 坍落度 slump 梯子 ladder, stepladder 提升模板climbing form,climbing shuttering 温度缝 temperature joint 误差 error, inaccuracy 细骨料 fine aggregate 细石混凝土 fine concrete 现场预制 site prefabrication 现浇混凝土 cast-in-place concrete 相对标高 relative elevation, relative level 徐变 creep 养护 curing 永久变形 permanent deformation 预留孔 preformed hole, prepared hole 预埋件 embedded parts, embedded inserts 预埋螺栓 embedded bolt, inserted bolt 找平 leveling, screeding 找平层 leveling coat, leveling course 振捣 vibration 振捣棒 poker vibration, vibrating needle, vibrator 支模 form erecting, erection of shuttering 最佳级配 optimum gradation 坐标 coordinate |