也许有的人会说我误导研究生，但是事实上这种对科研写作有益的“八股文”被写进正宗教科书呢！2008年牛津大学Publishing出版了一本Write Like a Chemist，里面说到表演喜剧、电视里面做卖车的广告，都是有一定套路的，不按照套路出牌就吸引不了观众，就没有人来看戏、买车。同理，书中介绍了写引言部分的“公式”：
1. Introduce the Research Area
1.1. Identify the research area
1.2. Establish the importance of the research area
1.3. Provide essential background information about the research area
2. Identify a Gap (or Gaps)
3. Fill the Gap
3.1. Introduce the current work
3.2. Preview key findings of the current work (optional)
The first move, with three submoves, has the broad purpose of describing the general resarch area. Submove 1.1 identifies the research topic, and submove 1.2 stresses its importance. Together, these two submoves are frequently accomplished in the first few sentences of the paper. Note that only the general topic is mentioned at this point, not the specific work that is presented in the paper. Submove 1.3 is where authors summarize essential works in the field and situate the current work in its appropriate context. This submove does not provide an exhaustive review of the literature but rather includes "sound bites" that alert readers to works that critically influenced the current work or led to fundamental knowledge in the field. The entire move is usually accomplished in a few paragraphs, with most attention devoted to submove 1.3. All three submoves are strengthened by citations to the literature. Works by other authors are cited as well as previous, relevant works by the current authors.
The second move in the Introduction section (Identify a Gap) shifts the reader's attention from what has been done (or learned or understood) to what still needs to be done (or learned or understood). The essence of this move is capyured in the sentence, "Although much is known about X, little is known about Y." Of course, to correctly identify a gap, the authors must have throughly reviewed the literature; hence, cotations to the literature are common in this move, too.
After a gap has been identified, the third and final move of the Introduction section is to fill the gap. This move typically comprises a short paragraph at the end of the Introduction and begins with a phrase like "In this paper, we..." At last, the authors can refer to the current work, and many use the personal pronoun we to accomplish this task. The authors give a short description of the current work (typically a few sentences), highlighting how the work fills the identified gas (submove 3.1). The Introduction can end here, or the authors can elect to preview their principal findings (submove 3.2). If the authors do the latter, care must be taken not to repeat sentences verbatim that appear elsewhere in the paper.
5. 在引言部分的末尾建议用简练的话把本文的重要结果“预览”一下。Ratnoff在1981年说：Reading a scientific article isn't the same as reading a detective story. We want to know from the start that the butler did it.(见R.A. Day, B. Gastel. How to Write and Publish a Scientific Paper (6th Edition)。但是注意不能使用大篇幅预览，不能把正文里面的信息（比如用XRD做了什么，发现这个峰那个峰；用红外做了什么，发现这个峰那个峰）详细透露，一览无余。如果大篇幅预览的话，读者就不会再读文章了。这正好比电影的广告片都是有一定长度要求的，一般1-3分钟，没有20分钟的广告片。
在The ACS Style Guide (3rd Edition)p. 22概括到： A good introduction is a clear statement of the problem or project and the reason for studying it. This information should be contained in the first few sentences. Give a concise and appropriate background discussion of the problem and the significance scope, and limits the work. Outline what has been done before citing truly pertinent literature, but do not include a general survey of semirelevant literature. Satate how your work differs from or is related to work previously published. Demonstrate the continuity from the previous work to yours.
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发表于 2011-1-28 14:57:21
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