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If you want tostudy economics, these two concepts may be the very first things you need tounderstand. 如果你想学习经济学，那么这两个概念可能是你必须要了解的。 Microeconomics andmacroeconomics are two of the largest subdivisions of the study of economicswherein micro- refers to the observation of small economic units like theeffects of government regulations on individual markets and consumer decisionmaking and macro- refers to the "big picture" version of economicslike how interest rates are determines and why some countries' economies growfaster than others'. 微观经济学和宏观经济学是经济学研究中最大的两个分支，其中微观指的是对小经济单位的研究，比如政府调控对个人市场和消费者决策的影响，宏观则指的是经济学的“大局”版本，比如利率是如何决定的，以及为什么一些国家的经济增长速度比其他国家快。 Microeconomics:Individual Markets 微观经济学：个体市场 Those who havestudied Latin know that the prefix “micro-” means “small,” so it shouldn’t besurprising that microeconomics is the study of small economic units. The fieldof microeconomics is concerned with things like: 学过拉丁语的人都知道前缀“micro -”意味着“small(小)”，所以微观经济学是对小型经济单位的研究也就不足为奇了。微观经济学领域关注的事情包括： consumer decisionmaking and utility maximization 消费者决策与效用最大化 firm productionand profit maximization 企业生产与利润最大化 individual marketequilibrium 个体市场均衡 effects ofgovernment regulation on individual markets 政府调控对个体市场的影响 externalities andother market side effects 外部性与其他市场副作用 Macroeconomics:The Big Picture 宏观经济学：大局 effects of generaltaxes such as income and sales taxes on output and prices 所得税、营业税等一般税对产量和价格的影响 causes of economicupswings and downturns 经济上升和衰退的原因 effects ofmonetary and fiscal policy on economic health 货币和财政政策对经济健康的影响 effects of andprocess for determining interest rates 决定利率的影响和过程 causes for someeconomies growing faster than other economies 一些经济体增长速度超过其他经济体的原因 To study economicsat this level, researchers must be able to combine different goods and servicesproduced in a way that reflects their relative contributions to aggregateoutput. This is generally done using the concept of the gross domestic product(GDP), and goods and services get weighted by their market prices. 要在这个层面上研究经济学，研究人员必须能够将不同的商品和服务结合起来，以反映它们对总产出的相对贡献。这通常是利用国内生产总值(GDP)的概念来实现的，商品和服务由其市场价格加权。 The RelationshipBetween Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 微观经济学与宏观经济学的关系 There is anobvious relationship between microeconomics and macroeconomics in thataggregate production and consumption levels are the result of choices made byindividual households and firms, and some macroeconomic models explicitly makethis connection by incorporating what are known as"microfoundations." 微观经济学与宏观经济学之间存在明显的联系，因为总体生产和消费水平是个体家庭和企业做出选择的结果，而一些宏观经济模型通过纳入所谓的“微观基础”明确地建立了这种联系。 Most of theeconomic topics covered on television and in newspapers are of themacroeconomic variety, but it’s important to remember that economics is aboutmore than just trying to figure out when the economy is going to improve andwhat the Fed is doing with interest rates, it's also about observing localeconomies and specific markets for goods and services. 电视和报纸上涵盖的大部分经济主题都是关于宏观经济的多样性，但重要的是要记住经济学不仅仅是试着弄清楚经济何时会改善以及美联储在利率方面做了什么，它还涉及观察当地经济和特定市场的商品和服务。 Although many economists specialize in one field or the other, no matter which study onepursues, the other will have to be utilized in order to understand theimplications of certain trends and conditions on both the micro and macroeconomic levels. 尽管许多经济学家专注于研究其中一个领域，但不论从事哪个研究，都必须利用另一个领域，以便理解某些趋势和条件对微观和宏观经济水平的影响。
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